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The bioethical issue of using artificial intelligence the therapy of anxiety
Grepl, Václav ; Fošum, Jan (advisor) ; Štica, Petr (referee)
The diploma thesis deals with possible ethical problems in the use of artificial intelligence as a supportive therapeutic tool for managing anxiety states. Developments in the field of artificial intelligence are of increasing clinical importance for its use in the field of mental health care. Systems based on artificial intelligence often take over some support tasks even in the field of therapeutic interventions that were previously provided by clinical psychologists. One of the main tools of psychotherapy is the psychotherapeutic interview conducted between the patient and the therapist. The interview is important for creating a therapeutic relationship, determining a diagnosis and for the therapeutic process itself. The traditional model of psychotherapy is expanding, as part of mental health care is now starting to be provided, partly due to capacity reasons, by artificial intelligence conversational systems leading a therapeutic conversation with the recipient of the therapy. For the ethically responsible clinical use of artificial intelligence, it is necessary to identify the possible ethical consequences of the growing use of artificial intelligence in the field of mental health care and to create the basis for both decision-making about the dynamics and limits of its use, as well as the...
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Bioethics V - Surrogacy - specifics of individual areas
Machová, Drahoslava ; Kudláčková, Zděnka (advisor) ; Jílek, Petr (referee)
Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove Department of biological and medical sciences Drahoslava Machová Supervisor: PhDr. Zdeňka Kudláčková, Ph.D. Title of diploma tehesis: Bioethics V - Surrogate motherhood - the specifics of individual areas Background: Creating a basic overview of bioethics and its principles. Handle the issue of surrogate motherhood Institute. Main findings: In this thesis we dealt with issues of bioethics, bioethical principles and in particular the issue of surrogacy. Above all, we focused on fundamentals of bioethics, its principles and interconnection with the law. Furthermore, we describe surrogacy institute, its history and progress. Another part is devoted to the current legislation, Surrogacy in the Czech Republic and comparison with the legislation in selected countries around the world. The thesis also includes recommendations of medical ethics in the process of surrogacy. In conclusion, we have focused on the risks that may occur. Conclusions: Use of surrogate motherhood is one of the few ways infertile couple may obtain offspring. Undoubtedly it is a problem that needs to be continued to explore and modify. It is also necessary to pay great attention to the ethical, legal and psychological aspects that are associated with this institute....
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Ethical aspects of handling data acquired from experiments on people
Constable, Marika ; Fošum, Jan (advisor) ; Sousedík, Prokop (referee)
The presented master's thesis examines experiments on humans conducted in Nazi concentration camps during WWII and focuses on the conflict between the victims on one side and scientists on the other. In this conflict, which is centered around the fate of the data, both sides take a strong stand. The criteria for an ethical evaluation is to objectively articulate the main argumentation pillars from both sides and assess their validity in the contrast of two ethical theories which are virtue theory and the theory of consequentialism. To reach this objective, the thesis draws from available literal and audio-visual sources from the fields of history, philosophy, psychology, anthropology and bioethics. The paper is divided into three main parts. The first part is dedicated to terminology, technical execution, integrity, impact and logistics of the experiments. The second part analyzes victim testimonies and impact statements and arguments that had been put forward by the research community. The third part deals with the meaning of the term person's dignity/KAVOD, evaluates the argument points in the contrast of ethical theories, introduces the phenomenon of cognitive dissonance and deliberates the scientific community stance. Keywords Bioethics, cognitive dissonance, concentration camps,...
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Informed Consent - Comparation of Legal and Ethical View.
Doležal, Adam ; Payne, Jan (advisor) ; Kuře, Josef (referee) ; Drozenová, Wendy (referee)
Informed consent can be considered, without any doubt, as a central issue in current bioethics and in medical law. The modern relationship between physician and patient has completely changed. Informed consent has dominated the theoretical discussions since the 1970s. Its importance is essential for both medical research and clinical practice. This work focuses mainly on clinical practice, on the relationship between a doctor (or more generally a healthcare professional) and a patient. The institute of informed consent has evolved similarly in medical ethics as well as in the medical law, but there are some significant differences. One of the basic issues of this work is to distinguish both positions and point out differences between legal and ethical aspects of this institute. The thesis sees the fundamental differences in the different purposes of both two key normative systems, in their function, in the values they represented and in the principles they emphasized. While trust and mutuality are essential to informed consent in ethics, the legal institute reflects more the protection of the subjects, especially the protection against abuse, thus providing legal certainty especially for the patient. The ethical level is primarily to ensure respect for the other person so that he or she is...
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Psychological and ethical aspects of the last things of man
KÜMMELOVÁ, Magda
The thesis deals with the very last issues of a person from the psychologically-ethical view, however it doesn't neglect the social view. With the topic is worked also in a context of selected current ethical systems, mainly deontologism and utilitarianism, also regarding the topic of the thesis, the topic of bioethics is discussed as well. Regarding the field of psychology, the thesis elaborates more in detail on the existential psychotherapy, actually also on the logotherapy, which was shaped by an Austrian psychologist Viktor E. Frankl. There is also included the problematics of burial, the possibilities of giving a last farewell, also in a religious and an ethnical point of view. The key part of the thesis deals mainly with a needed psychosocial care for the terminally ill, the dying and also their close ones, in the times of pre finem, in finem and post finem by the prospective death of adults, it deals also with the influence of this care on the experiencing of the final period of life of the dying, and the following grieving of the survivors. In the thesis is also shortly mentioned the topic of palliative and hospice care. The thesis also follows the evaluation of the influence of the last farewell on the process of the survivors' grieving. The inspiration for writing the thesis were apart from professional literature and other professional sources also to a bigger extent the many years of work experience of the author, thanks to which is the work supplemented with many own cases.
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Law, morality and politics in bioethical law making in the Czech republic
Trochtová, Alexandra ; Matějek, Jaromír (advisor) ; Štica, Petr (referee)
Law, morality and politics in bioethical law making in the Czech Republic The central theme of this master thesis is bioethical law making in the Czech Republic and the influence of morality and politics on this law making. The main aim of the thesis is to find out who and under what circumstances influences whether and how laws are made in eight bioethical topics: abortion, transplantation, embryonic stem cell research, living will, artificial reproduction, sex change, surrogate motherhood and euthanasia. In its first chapter the thesis discusses the interaction of two normative systems - morality and law; and in its second chapter it discusses the relationship between morality and politics and law and politics. The third and fourth chapters reflect lessons learned from the previous chapters and apply its hypotheses to the analysis of the above mentioned eight bioethical topics. The master thesis arrives at a conclusion that Czech bioethical law making is split between liberal and conservative approaches. Furthermore it concludes that the majority of the most prominent and difficult moral dilemmas in bioethical law making have been decided historically and are part of the country's historical moral heritage.
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Legal and ethical status of the human embryo through the eyes of the young generation
WÁGNEROVÁ, Lucie
There has been the question of the approach to the unborn human foetus which has been dealt with for many years. The moral, ethic or legal questions appear during the discussions. In this context we could find many different opinions related to the upbringing, religion or morality. It is hard to find any general agreement. Nowadays there are new questions connected to the intervention of reproduction, the research of embryo cells or the issues of abortion, which is perceived as the women's right. There are about 44 billions of abortions these days. According to these problems there is the need of the social discussion about the understanding of embryo and when we can consider it as a human being. The theoretical part of my bachelor thesis deals with the legal point of view to the role of human embryo and its securing in our legal system. The Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms, which is a part of the Constitution of the Czech Republic, determines that everybody has the right for living as well as the human life should be protected before the delivery. There is not and there also cannot be determined clearly when the human life begins. The answer for this question is connected to the moral and ethic principles. My thesis deals with the different points of view to this question, if the fertilized ovum is or is not the human. There are also many various arguments about when we can consider the genesis of human life. The answer for these questions is not clear and we cannot find out the definite concordance. The other part of my thesis deals with ethic dilemmas connected to the abortion and the intervention to the reproduction as well as the problems of cloning. The practical part of my bachelor's thesis deals with the legal and ethic status of embryo mainly to the questions of the genesis of human life and the problems of the abortion. This thesis do not provide the clear answer to the question since when we can date the genesis of the life but it represents the opinions of the young generation (18 - 30 years old). The main aim of the research was to find out the point of view of the young people in the Czech Republic. There were questions about the reaction to the unborn child, the genesis of human life, who decides about the life of the unborn child and the abortion. I compare the questions according to the sex, ages, religion and parenthood. The practical part was made by the quantitative research questionnaires. It consists of 250 respondents who were asked by the on-line or printed questionnaire. It was chosen the young generation between 18 - 30 years old. The questionnaire contains seven fact-finding questions and four distinctive ones. It was worked with the data which were acquired from the questionnaire. The first hypothesis, 50% of respondents believe that the human life begins with the conception, was not confirmed. There were only 30% of respondents who believe that question. The second hypothesis, the approval of abortion, was confirmed because there were 90% respondents who agreed. The third hypothesis could not be confirmed. In the discussion the results were compared with the opinions of the authors from the theoretical part of my thesis. The end of my thesis deals with the general results. We cannot find the right answer to the question of the beginning of human life. Every person has a subjective point of view. We should realize every possible risks and think about who has the right to intervene to the substance of human life and how far can technology goes. This bachelor's thesis do not have the clear opinion but it provides the facts and the suggestion for thinking for creating its own attitude to these questions.
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Point of view on today´s world according to Peter Singer.
ZEMANOVÁ, Kateřina
The aim of the thesis is to provide a complex picture of the contemporary world in the context of Peter Singer's ethics. In the introductiory chapters we will analyse the main philosophy of Peter Singer's works, namely The Animal Liberation, Practical Ethics, Applied Ethics, Writings on an Ethical Life, One World: Ethics and Globalization. On these examples we are trying to prove that this author and his theories are frequently missunderstood by the general public. During the analyses we will consider the general model of moral and ethical values of the society and put them in the context of Singer's philosophy. We will also include the detailed analyses of the spiecism which is a crucial topic for all Singer's works as well as for this thesis. Except this issue, we will also include a detailed analyses of the moral and ethical values and how they have been viewed in different historical periods by different influention philosophers.
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Animals as Laboratory Objects: Analysis of the Power Discourse
Vandrovcová, Tereza ; Suša, Oleg (advisor) ; Müller, Karel (referee) ; Binka, Bohuslav (referee)
Animals as Laboratory Objects: Analysis of the Power Discourse PhDr. Tereza Vandrovcová Abstract This dissertation thesis encompasses a critical discourse analysis of the power correlates of expert knowledge and other factors that can hinder the open and unbiased discussion concerning the ethical aspects of the use of nonhuman animals in biomedical experiments. A brief history of "the animal" is first provided before the issue is positioned within the theoretical framework of Animal Studies. The fourth chapter is composed of an overview of the most frequent arguments both for and against the use of animals in biomedicine. The author draws upon her research as she analyzes scientific texts to reveal how laboratory animals are socially constructed as scientific objects and subsequently describes the effects this has on the perception of their moral value. A series of semi-structured interviews with critics and advocates of animal experimentation, such as animal rights activists and laboratory workers who conduct experiments on animals, is the pivotal section of the paper. It is established that lab workers in the sample are convinced of the necessity and legitimacy of current practices, that lab workers have a tendency to suppress animals' individuality when describing their work, that lab workers deem their...
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